A New Dawn for American Leadership

M A Hossain,

As the US presidential election approaches, Kamala Harris stands on the brink of making history. With approximately 70 days left in a compressed campaign, Harris is poised not only to become the first woman to ascend to the presidency but also to be the first president of Black and South Asian descent. Despite the significance of these firsts, Harris has made it clear that her identity is not the focal point of her campaign. Instead, she has chosen to transcend these aspects, focusing on broader themes of unity, patriotism, and a shared American future.

At the recent Democratic National Convention, Harris’s acceptance speech was a masterclass in navigating the complexities of identity politics while appealing to a broad electorate. Notably, she refrained from directly addressing her race or gender, except in brief references to her Jamaican father and her mother, a “brilliant five-foot-tall woman with an accent.” This deliberate vagueness allows Harris to sidestep the potential pitfalls of being pigeonholed by her identity, positioning herself as a candidate for all Americans.

Harris’s campaign strategy appears to be built on the premise that this election is about more than just party lines or personal identity. It is about the future of the nation and the values that bind its people together. Her message is one of optimism, emphasizing the potential for positive change and the need to move beyond the bitterness and division that has characterized recent years. In her words, this election offers a “precious, fleeting opportunity to move past the bitterness, cynicism, and divisive battles of the past.”

Harris’s campaign faces significant challenges, particularly in winning over the approximately 10 percent of undecided and independent voters in a deeply polarized electorate. While the Democratic convention succeeded in introducing Harris to a broader audience and effectively reframing Donald Trump as a small yet dangerous threat, the task of convincing undecided voters remains daunting.

Harris’s speech at the convention was a careful balancing act. While she leaned toward centrist policies, avoiding extravagant promises on healthcare or the economy, some observers noted a conservative tilt, particularly in her support for a bipartisan border bill. This centrist approach is likely an attempt to appeal to a broader spectrum of voters, including those who may have been alienated by more progressive elements of the Democratic Party.

However, there is a recognition within the Democratic camp that Harris must do more than just present herself as a safer alternative to Trump. She must also address the widespread perception that Trump is better equipped to handle the economy, a key issue for many voters. While Trump has faced criticism for his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and his erratic behavior, his sharp political instincts and ability to adapt to shifting circumstances make him a formidable opponent.

The Democratic Party entered the convention riding a wave of “Kamalamania” following Joe Biden’s decision to step aside, allowing Harris to take the helm. This surge of enthusiasm, however, must be tempered by the reality that the race remains tight, with Trump leading in five of the seven crucial swing states.

To overcome this deficit, Harris will need to leverage the support of key allies and continue to campaign aggressively in the remaining days leading up to the election. The presence of popular figures like Michelle Obama, Oprah Winfrey, and the Clintons at the convention provided a significant boost, with each of them taking turns to eviscerate Trump. Michelle Obama’s speech, in particular, resonated strongly, with her pointed remarks about Trump’s fixation on crowd sizes and her critique of his policies.

Harris’s choice of Minnesota Governor Tim “Coach” Walz as her running mate is also strategic. Walz’s appeal among rural voters and his popularity in the Rust Belt swing states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania could prove crucial in tipping the balance in Harris’s favor. The Democrats are hopeful that Walz can attract some of the non-college-educated Gen X men and rural voters who form a significant part of Trump’s base.

Republicans have dubbed this early phase of Harris’s campaign her “honeymoon” period, predicting that the real challenges lie ahead. Indeed, the upcoming debate against Trump on September 10 will be a critical moment for Harris, as her performance could sway undecided voters and shape the narrative for the remainder of the campaign.

Moreover, the US media is eager to scrutinize Harris’s policies and her ability to handle the pressures of the presidency. Her bid for the Democratic nomination in 2020 was derailed by a disastrous press interview, and there is a sense that she must avoid a repeat of that experience. The first press conference or detailed interview as the Democratic nominee will be a key test of her resilience and ability to stay on message.

Despite these challenges, there is a growing sense that something different is happening in this election cycle. As Republican strategist Mark Mackinnon observed, “This feels like something completely different is happening. And I don’t know what it is yet, but, you know, just the circumstances, the timing, the compressed election, the nomination – it just feels, looks and smells like something completely different.”

As Kamala Harris continues her historic campaign, she is positioning herself not just as a candidate for the Democratic Party but as a guardian of American values and a unifying force for the nation. Her focus on positivity, patriotism, and inclusivity, combined with her strategic approach to policy and her appeal to a broad electorate, gives her a unique opportunity to transcend the divisions that have plagued American politics.

In the remaining days of the campaign, Harris will need to continue to navigate these challenges while staying true to her message of unity and hope. Whether or not she succeeds in becoming the first woman and the first person of Black and South Asian origin to be elected president, her campaign has already reshaped the landscape of American politics and set the stage for a new era of leadership.

M A Hossain, political and defense analyst based in Bangladesh. He can be reached at: writetomahossain@gmail.com

This article published at :

1. Weekly Blitz, BD : 29 Aug,24

2. The Country Today, BD : 01 Sep,24

3. The Arabian Post, UAE : 31 Aug, 24

4. The North Lines, India : 03 Sep, 24

5. Daily Excelsior, J&K& L: 09 Sep, 24

6. The Asian Age, BD : 15 Sep, 24

   

America's Iran Policy a Failure?

M A Hossain, 

Recently, Israel has escalated its aggressive  strategic maneuver against Iran, which is often oversimplified as merely an extension of Israel’s ongoing conflict with Hamas in Gaza. However, this view completely undermines the more intricate dynamics at play. Hamas’s political objectives and Iran’s broader geopolitical ambitions have aligned them on a shared platform against the Jewish state, reflecting a deeper, more complex conflict. The roots of this situation extend far beyond the immediate tensions in Gaza, highlighting the consequences of decades-long ineffective U.S. foreign policy. This failure has enabled Iran to emerge as a dominant regional power, acting with increasing boldness and little restraint.

The United States, once the unrivaled power in the Middle East, has seen its influence wane significantly over the past decade. This decline has been most evident in Washington’s inability to  counter Iran’s growing regional influence effectively. Since 2010, Iran has expanded its reach, funding and arming proxy groups across the Middle East, creating a network of militias and political entities that challenge U.S. interests and destabilize neighboring countries. This strategy, often referred to as Iran’s “proxy warfare,” has allowed Tehran to achieve a level of regional dominance that would have been unthinkable a decade ago.

The failure of U.S. policy toward Iran can be attributed largely to a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of the Iranian regime. Unlike other states that have been successfully contained or deterred by the threat of economic or military consequences, Iran’s leaders are motivated by a fictitious radical ideology that sees the capitalization of sympathy from Arab nations—especially Sunni Muslims—following the establishment of regional dominance as a divine imperative. This opaque political ideology, deeply rooted in Shia Islam, justifies the use of violence and proxy warfare as necessary means to achieve Iran’s strategic goals.

Previously, the West has encouraged Iran to counter socialism and Sunni nations, with the U.S. consistently approaching the Iran issue from a standpoint of political interests. However, now, Washington's coercive foreign policy is becoming less effective in an increasingly interconnected international system, where economic interests often outweigh political considerations. Iran has concluded that it has more to gain than to lose by pursuing an aggressive policy against Washington and its allies in the region. The number of sanctions against Iran increased from 370 under Barack Obama to more than 1,500 during the Trump administration, making it the most sanctioned country on the planet. The U.S. approach of containment and de-escalation, therefore, seems ill-suited to dealing with a regime fundamentally committed to a revolutionary, rather than a status quo, foreign policy.

The consequences of America’s failed Iran policy are now manifest across the Middle East. In Yemen, the Iran-backed Houthi rebels have not only seized large swaths of territory but have also launched attacks on Western-flagged ships in the Red Sea. The Biden administration’s decision to pressure Saudi Arabia into reducing its support for Yemen’s legitimate government has only emboldened the Houthis and, by extension, Iran.

In Iraq, the U.S. has similarly failed to address the growing power of Iranian-backed Shia militias. These groups, once seen as allies in the fight against the Islamic State, have increasingly turned their guns on U.S. forces and assets in the region. This shift underscores the dangers of allowing Iran to cultivate and empower proxy forces that, over time, become powerful enough to challenge U.S. interests directly.

Syria presents another stark example of the failures of U.S. policy. As Iran has entrenched itself in the country, the U.S. has gradually reduced its support for anti-Assad rebels and Kurdish forces, effectively ceding the battlefield to Iran and its allies. This has not only solidified Assad’s grip on power but has also created a new front from which Iran can threaten Israel.

The cumulative effect of these failures has been the collapse of American deterrence in the Middle East. The U.S. no longer projects the kind of power necessary to prevent Iran from acting with impunity. This was starkly illustrated in April 2024, when Iran launched one of the largest missile attacks in history against Israel in response to the killing of Iranian officials by Israeli forces. Despite the scale and severity of the attack, Iran faced only marginal consequences, primarily in the form of economic sanctions and diplomatic condemnations. The U.S. response, characterized by restraint and a reluctance to escalate, only reinforced Tehran’s perception that it could act without fear of significant retaliation.

In recent years, Russia and China have significantly expanded their influence in the Middle East, often aligning with Iran to challenge Western dominance in the region. Russia, under President Vladimir Putin, has deepened its ties with Tehran through military, economic, and diplomatic cooperation. This partnership has been most visible in Syria, where Russian military intervention, alongside Iranian forces, has bolstered the Assad regime, ensuring its survival against Western-backed rebels. Russia’s presence in Syria has not only secured its strategic interests, such as maintaining its naval base in Tartus but has also positioned Moscow as a key power broker in the Middle East. By collaborating with Iran, Russia has effectively countered U.S. influence in the region, supporting a bloc of countries opposed to American policies and contributing to the broader erosion of U.S. authority in the Middle East.

China, on the other hand, has pursued a more economically driven approach, using its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to increase its footprint in the Middle East. Through significant investments in Iranian infrastructure and energy sectors, China has become Iran’s largest trading partner, providing Tehran with much-needed economic lifelines amid U.S. sanctions. Additionally, China’s strategic partnerships with Iran involve security cooperation, including arms sales and technology transfers, further solidifying Iran’s military capabilities. By aligning with Iran, China has not only secured access to vital energy resources but has also positioned itself as a counterbalance to U.S. influence in the region. This Sino-Iranian partnership reflects a broader Chinese strategy of challenging U.S. hegemony globally, with the Middle East serving as a critical arena for this geopolitical contest.

In conclusion, America’s Iran policy over the past decade has been a complete and utter failure. The U.S. has underestimated the threat posed by Iran, overvalued the effectiveness of containment and diplomacy, and failed to project the power necessary to deter Iranian dominance. If the U.S. is to achieve long-term peace and stability in the Middle East, it must first recognize these failures and adopt a more assertive and comprehensive strategy to counter Iran's ambitions.

   This article published at :

1. The Nation, Pak  : 29 Aug, 24

2. Daily Lead Pakistan, Pak : 30 Aug, 24

Impact of Cancelling Postponed HSC Examinations

M A Hossain, 

The decision to cancel the postponed Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) and equivalent examinations has sparked a wave of mixed reactions among students, educators, and policymakers in Bangladesh. This decision was taken in response to the mounting pressure from student protests, some of whom demanded that their exam results be published based on the subjects already examined, using a method of mapping the postponed subjects with their corresponding Secondary School Certificate (SSC) exams. The controversy surrounding this decision brings to light several critical issues that could have lasting implications for students’ academic and professional futures.

The cancellation of the postponed HSC exams comes after a period of significant unrest. Initially scheduled to commence on June 30, the exams had already seen several delays due to various reasons, including a broad student movement that started as an anti-discrimination protest. The movement gained momentum and was eventually seen as part of a larger public outcry, leading to the postponement of the remaining exams multiple times. Despite the government's efforts to reschedule, including a decision to resume exams from September 11 with adjusted question papers, continued protests by students who were unprepared, some of whom were receiving medical treatment for injuries, led to the eventual cancellation of the exams.

The decision to cancel the exams has not been met with universal approval. While some students and parents expressed relief and satisfaction on social media, a significant portion of the student body and educational experts voiced concerns about the long-term impact of such a decision. The fear of a "mass GPA-5" scenario has been a particular point of contention. Many believe that the automatic promotion of students without completing the full examination process will undermine the meritocratic nature of university admissions and, subsequently, the job market.

Moreover, there is a broader fear that this decision could set a precedent for future educational policies, potentially leading to a devaluation of academic qualifications. For students, especially those who have worked hard to prepare for these exams, the decision feels like an erosion of their efforts and achievements.

Education researchers and teachers have raised alarms about the potential long-term consequences of this decision. According to these experts, the cancellation of exams could lead to several complications in the academic and professional careers of students. The primary concern is that results announced without full exams might lack the rigor and credibility required for university admissions and future employment opportunities.

In Bangladesh, university entrance exams are highly competitive, with specific score requirements that are often cumulative, including results from both the SSC and HSC. Without a complete set of HSC exam results, students may find it difficult to meet these requirements, which could limit their options for higher education. Furthermore, the lack of comprehensive exam results could create disparities among students, especially when it comes to applying for competitive programs where every point counts.

Moreover, from a psychological perspective, the idea of passing without completing exams might diminish students' confidence in their abilities. This could have long-term effects on their academic motivation and career aspirations. Education experts argue that while the immediate decision may appease some students, it could ultimately do more harm than good by lowering academic standards and expectations.

The government, represented by Education Adviser Professor Wahid Uddin Mahmud, has acknowledged the complexity of the situation. During a press conference, he noted that the number of HSC candidates in the country, approximately 12-13 lakh, makes it difficult to ascertain whether the opinions expressed by the protesting students represent the majority. He also highlighted the ongoing challenges, such as ensuring the security and confidentiality of exam materials, which have contributed to the decision-making process.

However, the government has also indicated that the decision to cancel the exams is not final and will be revisited after consultations with the examination controllers of all education boards. This suggests that there may still be room for alternative solutions, such as giving students more time to prepare or shortening the syllabus, rather than outright cancellation.

The involvement of students in the decision-making process has been both a strength and a weakness of this situation. On one hand, the student protests have demonstrated the power of collective action in influencing policy decisions. On the other hand, the demands made by some students—such as canceling exams altogether—have been criticized as being short-sighted and driven more by emotion than by rational consideration of the consequences.

The case of Sarjis Alam, one of the coordinators of the anti-discrimination student movement, is illustrative of the complex dynamics at play. While he argued that the decision to cancel the exams was irrational, he also acknowledged the legitimacy of the students' concerns, particularly those related to the mental and physical well-being of injured students. This highlights the need for a balanced approach that takes into account both the immediate needs of students and the long-term implications of educational policies. 

The decision to cancel the postponed HSC exams has brought to the fore the delicate balance that must be struck between accommodating students' needs and maintaining the integrity of the education system. While it is crucial to address the immediate concerns of students, especially those who have been affected by the recent unrest, it is equally important to consider the long-term consequences of such decisions.

Education experts and policymakers must work together to find a solution that upholds the standards of academic rigor while also being responsive to the current challenges faced by students. This could involve exploring alternatives such as extending exam preparation time, shortening the syllabus, or even offering special considerations for students who are genuinely unable to take the exams due to illness or other valid reasons.

Ultimately, the goal should be to ensure that students are evaluated fairly and comprehensively, so that their academic achievements are recognized and valued in the years to come. The ongoing discussions and decisions surrounding the HSC exams will not only impact the current batch of students but will also set a precedent for how similar situations are handled in the future. It is, therefore, imperative that these decisions are made with careful consideration of both immediate and long-term consequences.

This article published at :

1. The Country Today, BD : 26 Aug, 24

Democracy in Transition : Bangladesh's Political Chessboard Open to Potential Permutations and Combinations

M A Hossain, 

The political landscape of Bangladesh has been thrown into turmoil following the fall of Sheikh Hasina's government. The arrest of Hasina's ministers and leaders, along with the shake-up in the administration through promotions, sackings, and postings, signals a significant shift in the power dynamics of the country. One of the most unique aspects of this interim government is the inclusion of two students, marking a historical moment in the political history of Bangladesh. Except for the Awami League, all major political parties have pledged their support to the interim government. However, they are simultaneously pressuring it for early elections, eager to seize the opportunity presented by this transitional phase.

BNP eager for early elections:

In the current political landscape, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) emerges as the dominant force after the fall of Hasina. With no other major party standing in its way, BNP is understandably eager for early elections. A swift return to the polls would likely deliver significant political dividends to BNP, capitalizing on the vacuum left by the ousted Awami League. This eagerness is not just a matter of political ambition; it is seen as a strategic necessity. An early election would allow BNP to consolidate its position before the interim government or any new political force can stabilize and pose a challenge.

 The party's desperation for elections stems from a calculated belief that their chances of winning are maximized in the current state of flux. The absence of Hasina and the weakened state of her party present BNP with a golden opportunity to reclaim power. However, this urgency for early elections is not without its complications, as the dynamics of other political entities and social movements come into play.

Opposition to Tareque Rahman:

While BNP is pushing for quick elections, it faces a significant hurdle in its bid to bring back Tareque Rahman, son of former prime minister Khaleda Zia and late president Ziaur Rahman, into active politics. Rahman, who is the acting chairman of BNP currently living in exile, holds a pivotal role within the BNP. However, his return is fraught with challenges. Student organizations, which have gained considerable influence in the interim government, are staunchly opposed to Rahman's political rehabilitation. Their opposition is rooted in a broader movement for political reform and anti-corruption, which sees Rahman as emblematic of the old, corrupt political order.

 Additionally, legal barriers complicate Rahman's return. He has been convicted to a life term in several cases, making his re-entry into Bangladeshi politics a legally arduous process. The BNP's leadership finds itself in a dilemma, caught between the pressure from its rank and file to bring back Rahman and the broader legal and political constraints that make this difficult. This situation significantly weakens BNP’s position, as the party risks alienating a key section of the interim government while also potentially losing a charismatic leader who could galvanize its base.

Jamaat-e-Islami in no hurry:

In contrast to BNP's eagerness for quick elections, Jamaat-e-Islami, another significant political player, is in no hurry to go to the polls. The party was severely crippled during Sheikh Hasina’s regime, with many of its leaders hanged or imprisoned, and its organizational structure badly damaged. The economic sanctions and social ostracism that followed have left the party in a state of disarray. For Jamaat, the priority is to regroup and rebuild its strength before entering another election battle.

A rushed election would spell disaster for Jamaat as the party is not yet in a position to compete effectively. The interim period is crucial for them to reorganize, regain lost ground, and reestablish themselves as a force in Bangladeshi politics. As such, they are advocating for a delay in elections, giving them the time they need to recover from the setbacks of the previous regime.

Other parties support BNP:

Other smaller parties, including those led by figures like VP Nur and Andaleeb Rahman Partha, have aligned themselves with BNP’s demand for early elections. For these parties, quick elections are seen as a strategic move that could enhance their political fortunes. They believe that aligning with BNP, which is poised to dominate the political landscape in the absence of the Awami League, could secure them a share in the government once it is formed.

These smaller parties have their own interests at heart, seeing an opportunity to carve out a niche for themselves in a new government dominated by BNP. Their support for early elections is therefore less about ideological alignment and more about pragmatic political calculation. By backing BNP, they hope to ensure their survival and relevance in the post-Hasina political order.

Student organizations against early polls:

On the other side of the political spectrum, student organizations that have been at the forefront of the anti-discrimination movement are against the idea of early elections. These groups, which have gained unprecedented influence in the interim government, argue that they need time to establish a strong political party that can represent the voices of the marginalized and oppressed. They view the old political parties, including BNP, as part of the problem, rather than the solution, to Bangladesh's entrenched social and political issues.

For these student organizations, the interim period represents a crucial window of opportunity to build a new political force that can challenge the status quo. Rushing into elections would, in their view, merely restore the old power structures without addressing the underlying issues of discrimination and inequality that they are fighting against. As such, they are advocating for a longer interim period, during which they can lay the foundations for a new political movement.

Other Islamist parties' role limited:

Other Islamist parties, such as Hefazat-e-Islam and Islami Oikya Jote, are not significant factors in the current political equation. While they have a certain level of support, particularly among more conservative sections of the population, their influence is limited. These parties have a loyal but small vote bank, which is not enough to make them decisive players in the broader political landscape.

Moreover, their focus is often more on religious and social issues than on democratic governance, which limits their appeal to the broader electorate. As such, while they may play a role in influencing the outcome of elections in certain constituencies, they are unlikely to be major players in the formation of the next government. Their participation in the interim government's deliberations and future elections will be more about maintaining their relevance than about exerting significant political influence.

Future political landscape :

In this complex and fluid situation, BNP is likely to lead the charge against the interim government demanding early elections. However, this move could pit them against the student organizations that currently hold significant sway in the interim administration. The ensuing conflict could create a political vacuum that might allow the Awami League to re-enter the political fray, potentially in alliance with BNP or as a counterweight to the emerging student-led political forces.

The political chessboard in Bangladesh is thus set for a series of potential permutations and combinations. Alliances could shift rapidly, with old enemies becoming new allies and vice versa. The outcome of this period of transition is far from certain, with multiple forces vying for power and influence.

The fall of Sheikh Hasina’s government has ushered in a period of unprecedented political change in Bangladesh. The interim government, with its unique composition, is navigating a treacherous path filled with competing interests and conflicting demands. BNP’s push for early elections, Jamaat-e-Islami’s need for time to rebuild, the ambitions of smaller parties, and the rise of new political forces from the anti-discrimination movement all contribute to a highly volatile and unpredictable political environment. The coming months will be crucial in determining the future direction of Bangladesh’s democracy, as the country grapples with the challenges of this transitional phase.

This article published at :

1. South Asia Monitor, New Delhi : 25 Aug, 24

Students' Role in Shaping Up the Future of Democracy

M A Hossain,  

Students have historically played a critical role in shaping political landscapes across the world, and Bangladesh is no exception. The involvement of students during critical junctures of politics often serves as a catalyst for significant social and political change. This influence is rooted in their ability to mobilize indomitable forces, challenge the status quo, and bring fresh perspectives to longstanding issues. Moreover, student movements have been the driving force behind major political transformations, and their impact on politics continues to be profound globally.

Bangladesh has a profound history of student intervention that dates back to its struggle for independence. The Language Movement of 1952, which eventually led to the recognition of Bengali as a state language, was largely driven by students. Similarly, the 1971 Liberation War saw students at the forefront of the fight for independence. This legacy of activism has embedded students deeply in the political fabric of the country, trending them a powerful force in times of political crisis.

In recent years, student movements in Bangladesh have gained renewed momentum, particularly in response to issues such as corruption, inequality, and discrimination. The rise of the anti-discrimination movement, led primarily by students, highlights the continuing influence of young people in shaping the nation's political discourse.

The inclusion of two students in Bangladesh's interim government marks a historic moment, underscoring the growing recognition of the importance of student voices in politics. This move is unprecedented in the country's political history and reflects the significant impact that student movements have had on the national consciousness.

These student leaders bring a fresh perspective to the interim government, focusing on issues that resonate with the younger generation, such as educational reform, social justice, and anti-corruption measures. Their involvement also signals a shift towards more inclusive governance, where the concerns of the youth are given greater priority.

The presence of students in the interim government serves as a counterbalance to traditional political forces, which have often been criticized for their corruption and failure to address the needs of ordinary citizens. Student movements are typically driven by ideals of fairness, justice, and transparency, which contrast sharply with the often self-serving nature of established political parties.

In the current political landscape, student organizations have positioned themselves as a force for reform, challenging the old guard and advocating for a more just and equitable society. Their opposition to the quick reinstatement of top brass like Tareque Rahman, despite pressure from major parties like BNP, illustrates their commitment to upholding the rule of law and ensuring that political power is not misused.

The influence of student movements extends beyond the corridors of power in the interim government. These movements have the potential to reshape the political landscape by mobilizing young voters, advocating for policy changes, and holding political leaders accountable. In many ways, students act as a moral compass for the nation, pushing for changes that reflect the values of fairness, equality, and justice.

Moreover, student activism often inspires broader societal change. Movements that begin on university campuses can quickly spread to other parts of society, galvanizing support from various segments of the population. This ripple effect can lead to significant policy shifts and, in some cases, even changes in government.

The youth thinks that the actual reform in Bangladesh’s political parties is urgently needed, as the current organizational structures are fundamentally undemocratic. Most political parties in the country are dominated by dynastic leadership, where power is concentrated within a single family or a small group of elites. This practice starkly contrasts with the principles of democracy, which emphasize inclusivity, representation, and accountability. In such a system, leadership is often passed down through family lines rather than being earned through merit or the will of party members. This entrenched dynastic control stifles internal democracy and prevents fresh ideas and new leaders from emerging. 

Simply removing or replacing figures like chairmen and mayors does not constitute real reform. These changes are superficial and do little to address the deep-rooted issues within party structures. True reform requires dismantling these dynastic power bases, implementing transparent and democratic processes for leadership selection, and fostering a culture of accountability within the parties. Only by addressing these core issues can Bangladesh’s political parties evolve into truly democratic institutions that reflect the will and interests of the people they are meant to serve.

While the involvement of students in politics brings many benefits, it also presents challenges. Student leaders may lack the experience and resources of established politicians, making it difficult for them to navigate the complex and often cutthroat world of politics. Additionally, their idealism, while a strength, can also lead to conflicts with more pragmatic political actors.

However, these challenges also present opportunities. The fresh perspectives and innovative ideas that students bring to the table can help to revitalize political institutions and processes that have become stagnant. Moreover, by engaging in politics at an early age, students gain valuable experience that will serve them well in the future, potentially paving the way for a new generation of political leaders.

The impact of students on politics in Bangladesh, as in many other countries, is both significant and enduring. From their historical role in the fight for independence to their current involvement in the interim government, students have consistently been at the forefront of political change. As Bangladesh navigates this period of political transition, the influence of student movements is likely to continue to grow, shaping the future of the country’s democracy. Through their activism and participation in governance, students are helping to build a more inclusive, just, and democratic society.

M A Hossain, political and defense analyst based in Bangladesh. He can be reached at: writetomahossain@gmail.com

   This article published at :

1. The Nation, Pak : 23 Aug, 24

2. Asian Age, BD : 23 Aug, 24

3. The Country Today, BD : 23 Aug, 24

4. Pakistan Today, Pak : 25 Aug, 24

Post-August 2024: Reforming the Bangladesh Police Force

Del H Khan & M A Hossain, 

The abrupt fall of the Sheikh Hasina regime in August, 05, 2024 marked a significant turning point in Bangladesh’s governance. This event exposed the deep-rooted flaws within the country’s police force, necessitating urgent reforms to restore law and order and regain public trust. The collapse of the police system, which had become highly politicized and corrupt, left the country in chaos, as the military was forced to intervene to restore stability. 

The Collapse and Its Immediate Aftermath

Following the political upheaval, the Bangladesh police were revealed to have played a troubling role in suppressing dissent, leading to a violent crackdown on protesters. Over 500 student demonstrators were killed by the police, who had been equipped with lethal weapons like semi-automatic weapons and sniper rifles. This resulted in widespread public outrage and loss of confidence in the police force, as many officers abandoned their posts, leaving police stations vulnerable to mob attacks. Now, the police force, demoralized and leaderless, demanded safety guarantees and a complete overhaul of the system. This situation brought into sharp focus the need for comprehensive police reform.

Challenges Faced by the Bangladesh Police Before August 2024

The collapse of the police system was the culmination of years of dysfunction, characterized by unprecedented politicization, corruption, and weak leadership. These issues eroded public trust and undermined the integrity of law enforcement.

1. Politicization of the Police:

   The recruitment, promotion, and deployment of police officers were heavily influenced by political affiliations. This ensured that loyalty to the ruling party took precedence over professional qualifications, compromising the effectiveness and impartiality of the force. Furthermore, the police were weaponized to suppress dissent, leading to instances of brutality and unlawful killings.

2. Corruption:

   Corruption permeated every level of the police force, with bribery and extortion becoming commonplace. Political patronage facilitated the appointment of loyal officers, fostering a culture where the rule of law was secondary to personal and political gain. Additionally, officers were often involved in illicit activities such as land grabs, drug trafficking, and protecting criminal enterprises.

3.Operational Weaknesses:

   Administrative inefficiencies, such as bureaucratic red tape and poor resource allocation, hampered the police force’s ability to respond effectively to threats. The lack of transparency within the system facilitated corruption, while inadequate training programs contributed to ineffective and unethical policing practices. Poor working conditions further exacerbated low morale among officers.

4. Leadership Failures:

   The leadership of the police force was compromised by political interference, with many senior positions filled based on loyalty rather than merit. This resulted in a lack of strategic vision and accountability, as leaders often prioritized political interests over the needs of the public.

5. Human Rights Violations:

   Extrajudicial killings, torture, and arbitrary arrests were common, further damaging the reputation of the police. These violations strained relations between the police and the community, making it difficult to foster trust and cooperation.

Global Examples of Successful Police Reform

Reforming a police force as deeply flawed as Bangladesh’s requires drawing on successful models from around the world. Three notable examples stand out:

1. New York Police Department (NYPD) Reforms (1990s):

   The NYPD implemented data-driven performance management through the CompStat system, which significantly improved crime reduction strategies. The department also embraced community policing, focusing on building relationships with local communities, and strengthened internal accountability through the establishment of the Civilian Complaint Review Board.

2. Northern Ireland (The Patten Report, 1999):

   Northern Ireland’s police reforms were transformative, beginning with rebranding the police force to signal a new start. The focus was on human rights, with the adoption of the European Convention on Human Rights, and ensuring community representation within the police force, promoting diversity and inclusion.

3. Georgia Police Reforms (2004-2005):

   Georgia’s approach was more radical, involving the mass dismissal of corrupt officers and the rebuilding of the traffic police from scratch. Salaries were increased, and new training programs were introduced to enhance professionalism and reduce corruption. Modernization efforts, including the introduction of transparency measures, were key to improving public trust.

Recommendations for Reorganizing and Reforming the Bangladesh Police

Policing that is rooted in human rights, democratic principles, and diversity is essential for both preventing and addressing crime while upholding the rule of law. Effective law enforcement is built on the foundations of integrity, accountability, and respect for human rights. For the police to be successful, they must be well-equipped to carry out high-quality, evidence-based investigations, particularly in cases involving organized crime, terrorism, and corruption, to ensure the successful prosecution of offenders. Enhancing police integrity and mitigating corruption risks requires building public trust and ensuring that the police are viewed as legitimate and effective. Moreover, diversity in policing, including fair representation of all genders and minorities, not only bolsters public confidence but also promotes greater adherence to the rule of law.

To address the systemic issues within the Bangladesh police force, a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach is required, focusing on depoliticization, accountability, operational improvements, and community relations.

1. Strengthening Accountability and Oversight:

   Independent oversight bodies free from political influence must be established to monitor police conduct. Strengthening internal affairs units to investigate misconduct transparently, and providing protections for whistleblowers, will help create a culture of accountability within the force.

2. Depoliticizing the Police:

   Recruitment and promotions should be based on merit and professional qualifications, rather than political connections. Legislation must be enacted to prevent political interference in police operations, ensuring that the police can operate independently and without bias.

3. Improving Training and Professional Development:

   Comprehensive training programs that include modern policing techniques, human rights education, and community engagement should be implemented. Leadership development initiatives should focus on building professional, ethical leaders who can inspire integrity within the force.

4. Enhancing Operational Capabilities:

   The police force must be equipped with adequate resources and modern technology to improve efficiency and effectiveness. Resource allocation should be based on actual needs, ensuring that all areas of the force are properly supported.

5. Fostering Community Relations:

   Community policing strategies that emphasize building trust and cooperation between the police and local communities should be prioritized. Public awareness campaigns can help educate citizens about their rights and the role of law enforcement, while citizen oversight committees can provide valuable input on police practices.

6. Addressing Corruption:

   Anti-corruption units must be established to tackle corruption within the police force. Collaboration with the judiciary will be essential to ensure the effective investigation and prosecution of corrupt practices.

7. Ensuring Fair Working Conditions:

   Competitive salaries and improved working conditions will reduce the temptation for officers to engage in corrupt activities and improve morale, leading to a more efficient and professional police force.

Conclusion

The collapse of the Bangladesh police system in 2024 was a wake-up call, exposing the urgent need for reform. Drawing on successful models from around the world, Bangladesh can implement a comprehensive reform program that addresses the root causes of dysfunction within its police force. By depoliticizing the police, strengthening accountability, improving operational capabilities, and fostering community relations, Bangladesh can rebuild a police force that is trusted, professional, and effective in upholding the rule of law.

This article published at : 

1. The Country Today, BD : 21 Aug,24

How Far is Peace in the Middle East?

M A Hossain, 

The ongoing tensions in the Middle East, particularly between Israel and Palestine, have long captured the attention of the international community. Recent peace talks in Doha, Qatar, have reignited a glimmer of hope for temporary respite. Led by mediators from the United States, Qatar, and Egypt, these negotiations aim to broker a long-awaited ceasefire in the Gaza Strip. However, skepticism surrounds the talks, particularly because Hamas, the organization governing Gaza, is notably absent from the table. Hamas insists that any ceasefire must follow the roadmap proposed by US President Joe Biden on May 31, 2023. This roadmap outlines a three-step process aimed at reducing violence, exchanging prisoners, and rebuilding Gaza.

The Biden Roadmap and Ceasefire Expectations

Biden's plan is a strategic proposal developed in coordination with Israel. The first step requires the withdrawal of Israeli forces from populated areas in Gaza over six weeks, during which Hamas would release additional Israeli hostages taken during the October 7 attack. Simultaneously, Israel would free some Palestinian prisoners. The second phase involves the full release of all Israeli hostages and the complete withdrawal of Israeli military forces from Gaza. The third and final phase includes the reconstruction of Gaza, prioritizing housing for those whose homes have been destroyed, as well as providing additional relief to civilians affected by the conflict.

The Biden administration believes that successful implementation of this roadmap could prevent Iran from directly intervening, thereby avoiding a broader regional conflict. The hope is that temporary relief from violence will provide a foundation for future peace efforts. However, this optimism is overshadowed by a complex web of regional dynamics and unresolved grievances that have perpetuated the Israeli-Palestinian conflict for decades.

The Broader Regional Context: Iran, Hezbollah, and the Threat of Escalation

Recent incidents further complicate the situation, notably the killings of prominent leaders from Hamas and Hezbollah, which have heightened tensions. On July 31, Ismail Haniya, Hamas' political leader, was reportedly killed in a covert operation in Tehran, Iran's capital. On the same day, Fuad Shukur, a senior commander of Hezbollah, was assassinated in Lebanon. Hamas and Iran have both accused Israel of orchestrating these assassinations. While Israel confirmed Shukur's killing, it has denied involvement in Haniya’s death. These incidents have created a volatile atmosphere, as both Iran and Hezbollah have vowed to retaliate, raising the risk of a wider regional war.

Iran’s pledge to respond to Haniya’s death, combined with Hezbollah’s promise of revenge, has placed the entire region on edge. There is growing concern that a larger-scale conflict could erupt at any moment, with Israel as the primary target. In response, the United States, along with its European allies—France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom—has sought to prevent such an escalation. These nations issued a joint statement warning Iran against attacking Israel, emphasizing that any aggression could trigger a major regional security crisis. Despite these diplomatic efforts, Iran has maintained its right to retaliate for what it views as an unprovoked attack on its ally.

The Ongoing Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza

Beyond the high-level geopolitical maneuvers and strategic interests, the human cost of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is profound, particularly in Gaza. The ongoing Israeli airstrikes and military operations have resulted in the deaths of countless Palestinian civilians. Gaza, already suffering from a blockade and economic hardships, has seen its infrastructure further devastated by repeated Israeli bombardments. Schools, hospitals, and homes have been reduced to rubble, exacerbating an already dire humanitarian crisis.

The killing of Ismail Haniya, whether by Israel or other actors, has only intensified the suffering of the Palestinian people. Amidst the violence, civilians—women, children, and the elderly—continue to bear the brunt of the conflict. International organizations and humanitarian groups have called for an immediate ceasefire to allow aid to reach those in need, but Israel has thus far shown little inclination to halt its military operations.

The Role of International Diplomacy and Future Prospects for Peace

One of the fundamental challenges in achieving peace in the Middle East is the deep-seated mistrust between the parties involved. Israel and Hamas, as well as their respective allies, have been locked in cycles of violence for decades. Attempts at ceasefires or peace agreements have repeatedly broken down, often due to provocations, miscommunications, or the refusal of one side to compromise on critical issues such as borders, settlements, and the status of Jerusalem.

The United States, while trying to play the role of mediator, has historically been seen as biased toward Israel, undermining its credibility in the eyes of many Palestinians and their supporters. Nonetheless, Washington’s involvement remains crucial, as the US has significant leverage over Israel, particularly in terms of military aid and diplomatic support. The success of the current talks in Doha largely depends on whether the US can pressure Israel to abide by the terms of the ceasefire and allow meaningful reconstruction efforts in Gaza.

At the same time, regional powers like Iran and Turkey, both of which support Hamas, must also be engaged in any long-term peace process. Without their buy-in, any ceasefire agreement risks being short-lived. Iran, in particular, has significant influence over both Hamas and Hezbollah, and its involvement will be crucial in preventing further escalation.

Palestinian Aspirations for Justice and Self-Determination

The Palestinian struggle for self-determination remains at the core of the conflict. For Palestinians, peace cannot merely be the cessation of hostilities but must also include justice—an end to the occupation, the recognition of Palestinian sovereignty, and the right of return for refugees. Any peace agreement that fails to address these fundamental issues will not hold, as it will be seen as legitimizing Israel’s continued control over Palestinian land and resources.

International support for Palestinian rights has grown in recent years, with many civil society groups, human rights organizations, and even governments calling for an end to the occupation and the establishment of a viable, independent Palestinian state. These voices argue that sustainable peace in the Middle East is only possible if the Palestinian people are given the same rights and freedoms that others in the region enjoy.

Conclusion

As peace talks unfold in Doha, the world watches to see whether they will bring temporary relief or pave the way for a more lasting resolution. While the Biden roadmap offers a structured plan for de-escalation, its success depends on the willingness of all parties—Israel, Hamas, and their regional allies—to engage in genuine dialogue and compromise. However, the road to peace in the Middle East is fraught with challenges, and the deep historical, political, and social divisions between Israelis and Palestinians cannot be ignored. Peace, if it comes, will require not only diplomatic efforts but also a commitment to justice and equality for the Palestinian people.

This article published at : 

1. Daily Observer, BD : 17 Aug, 24

2. The Country Today, BD : 17 Aug, 24

3. Muslim Times, BD : 17 Aug, 24

4. The Arabian Post, UAE: 17 Aug, 24

5. Pakistan Today, Pak : 19 Aug,24

6. Asian Age, BD : 19 Aug, 24

Expectations from the New Interim Government: Navigating Challenges and Opportunities

M A Hossain, 

The formation of an interim government under the leadership of Dr Muhammad Yunus marks a pivotal moment in Bangladesh's history. At this critical juncture, the expectations from this new administration are immense. The people of the country, who have witnessed decades of political turbulence and the erosion of democratic values, are yearning for a restoration of true democracy. There is a widespread desire to see democracy freed from the corruption and abuse of power that have plagued it for years. This is not just a desire for change, but a profound hope for a better future where governance is transparent, accountable, and truly representative of the people's will.

In the past, democracy in our country has often been more of facade than reality. The promises of democratic governance have frequently been undermined by those in power, who have used their positions to further their own interests rather than those of the nation. As a result, democracy has been distorted, with the language of force and coercion being disguised as democratic discourse. This has led to widespread disillusionment among the people, who have seen their hopes dashed time and again by leaders who have failed to live up to their promises.

The resignation of Sheikh Hasina and the subsequent political turmoil have only added to the uncertainty and anxiety of the populace. The absence of a stable government for several days created a vacuum that was quickly filled by chaos and anarchy. The riots, vandalism, and looting that ensued were not only a reflection of the anger and frustration of the people but also an indication of the deep-rooted issues that have been festering for years. These incidents have highlighted the fragility of our democratic institutions and the urgent need for reform.

One of the most troubling aspects of this period of unrest has been the way in which lawlessness has been allowed to prevail. The wanton destruction of public and private property, the looting of buildings, and the general disregard for the rule of law are symptomatic of a society that has lost its way. The first priority of the interim government will be to ensure the safety of life and property while also paving the way for freedom of speech and peaceful assembly. Preventing further violence will be a major challenge for the new government.

The formation of the interim government offers a chance to reverse this trend and restore faith in the democratic process. However, this will not be an easy task. The new government must not only address the immediate challenges of restoring order and stability but also undertake the much more difficult task of rebuilding the nation's democratic institutions. This will require a comprehensive approach that addresses the root causes of the current crisis and lays the foundation for a more just and equitable society.

The interim government will be led by civilian leadership. However, the extent of military control in this government remains unclear. According to political analysts, even if not officially present, the military will have a significant influence on this government. Major political parties in Bangladesh fear that if the interim government's tenure is prolonged, the military might seize the opportunity to solidify its authority within the government. However, at present, it seems the military is not as interested in playing an active role in the government or being at the center of politics as it was a few decades ago.

One of the key challenges facing the new government will be to ensure that democracy is not just a slogan but a reality. This means that the government must be truly representative of the people's will and must work to ensure that all citizens, regardless of their background, have a voice in the political process. This will require a commitment to transparency, accountability, and the rule of law. It will also require a willingness to engage with the opposition and to listen to the concerns of all citizens, not just those who support the government.

In addition to these political challenges, the new government will also need to address the social and economic issues that have been neglected for too long. The country is facing a host of problems, including cost of living, unemployment, and a lack of access to basic services such as healthcare and education. These issues must be addressed if the country is to move forward and achieve its full potential.

The new government must also recognize the importance of cultural identity in shaping the future of the nation. While political identity is crucial, it is equally important to preserve and promote the rich cultural heritage of the country. This means that the government must work to ensure that all citizens, regardless of their religion or ethnicity, feel that they are a valued part of the nation. This will require a commitment to promoting tolerance and understanding and to ensuring that all citizens have the opportunity to participate in the cultural life of the country.

The new government will have the responsibility of conducting credible investigations and taking appropriate legal action for the recent tragic events. However, this will only be possible if the government is willing to learn from the mistakes of the past and to take bold and decisive action. This will require a commitment to change and a willingness to make difficult decisions.

The formation of the interim government is just the beginning. The true test will come in the days and weeks ahead as the government begins to implement its policies and address the challenges facing the country. It is at this point that the government will be judged not just by its words but by its actions. The people of the country will be watching closely to see whether the government can deliver on its promises and lead the country towards a brighter future.

In conclusion, expectations for the new government are high, and rightly so. The country is at a crossroads, and the decisions made in the coming days will have a profound impact on its future. The people are looking to the government to restore democracy, promote justice, and build a society that is inclusive and equitable. This is a daunting task, but it is also an opportunity to create a better future for all citizens. The government must rise to the occasion and show that it is capable of meeting these expectations. Only then can the country move forward and achieve its full potential.

This article published at :

1. The Country Today, BD : 10 Aug,24

2. Muslim Times, BD : 10 Aug,24

3. The Asian Age, BD : 12 Aug,24

4. South Asia Monitor, India : 12 Aug,24

Bangladesh’s Journey Towards a Welfare State

M A Hossain,

Recently, Bangladesh joined the Convention on Abolishing the Requirement of Legalization of Foreign Public Documents, also known as the Apostille Convention of 1961. The country’s efforts to simplify document authentication processes through the Apostille Convention are just one example of its commitment to improving the travel facilities for its citizens. By reducing bureaucratic hurdles and enhancing global mobility, Bangladesh is positioning itself as a forward-thinking, welfare-oriented state.

Prior to this development, students, immigrants, workers, and others planning to go abroad had to authenticate their documents both domestically and at foreign offices, including embassies. This process was not only time-consuming and costly but also stressful. The challenge was compounded by the fact that not all countries have embassies in Bangladesh. For instance, 90 countries that do not have embassies in Bangladesh have them in India, necessitating trips to Delhi for authentication. This required obtaining an Indian visa, thereby adding further complications, expenses, and delays.

The state stands as the largest social institution, designed to serve and protect its citizens. In contemporary times, the primary objective of a state is to transition into a welfare state. The words of political scientist Thomas Greene are particularly relevant here: “Power is not the foundation of the state.” Rather, states have been created by humans out of necessity. By providing various facilities and ensuring the dignity of its citizens, the state can fulfill its positive role effectively.

States perform two types of functions: essential and optional. Essential functions are those necessary to protect the state's existence and the overall well-being of its citizens. These include maintaining law and order, protecting the nation from external threats, and providing basic public services. Optional functions, on the other hand, encompass the welfare role, which involves providing additional services that improve the quality of life for citizens. However, in modern times, many states have come to regard welfare functions as essential. Though theoretically optional, welfare activities have become indispensable in practice.

The concept of the welfare state is not new. Its roots can be traced back to the early 20th century in Europe, where countries like Germany and the United Kingdom pioneered social security systems and public health services. These early welfare states aimed to provide a safety net for their citizens, ensuring that basic needs were met and that individuals could thrive regardless of their socio-economic background.

In the post-World War II era, the welfare state model gained widespread acceptance, particularly in Western Europe and North America. Governments recognized the importance of investing in human capital and providing services that promoted social well-being and economic stability. Public education, healthcare, unemployment benefits, and pension systems became the hallmarks of welfare states, contributing to higher standards of living and greater social cohesion.

As a state, Bangladesh is striving to enhance its welfare activities, reflecting this global shift in the perception of state responsibilities. One significant step in this direction was taken on May 20, 2024, when the cabinet approved a proposal for Bangladesh to join the Convention on Abolishing the Requirement of Legalization of Foreign Public Documents, also known as the Apostille Convention of 1961. This decision marked a crucial milestone for Bangladeshi citizens, particularly those seeking opportunities abroad.

After the proposal was passed on May 20, 2024, it was expected to take about six months to come into force, as the 126 member states of the Apostille Convention needed to be notified. Remarkably, all formalities were completed in just 70 days. On July 29, 2024, Bangladesh officially joined the Apostille Convention. As a result, documents authenticated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Bangladesh no longer require re-attestation in other countries. This move is expected to save money and reduce human suffering, undoubtedly marking a positive development for the nation.

Joining this convention is a landmark step for Bangladesh. From now on, Electronic Apostille Certificates will be issued, and their authenticity can be verified worldwide through the QR code on the certificate. This system, known as the Electronic Apostille Program (E-APP), will significantly reduce the harassment and suffering experienced by students and professionals traveling abroad. No longer will they face the cumbersome and often confusing process of document re-attestation in multiple countries. Instead, a single, streamlined process will suffice, greatly facilitating their global mobility and opportunities.

This step is part of a broader trend towards enhancing the welfare state, not just in Bangladesh but globally. Welfare measures are no longer seen as mere add-ons to the core functions of the state; they are integral to the state's role in ensuring the well-being of its citizens. This shift reflects a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of global systems and the necessity of simplifying processes to enhance international cooperation and individual mobility.

Moreover, these efforts reflect a deeper aspiration to build a positive national identity. The formation of welfare nation-states in the Western world often involved significant questions of self-identity and nation-building. In the last half-century, newly independent countries have frequently adopted new names and redefined their national identities as part of this process. Bangladesh, too, must maintain its self-identity while pursuing welfare measures. Building a civilized, educated, and humane nation requires not only economic development but also a strong sense of identity and community.

Of course, the path to becoming a fully-fledged welfare state is not without challenges. Bangladesh, like many developing countries, faces issues such as poverty, inequality, and limited resources. However, the commitment to welfare measures, as evidenced by the Apostille Convention, demonstrates a willingness to address these challenges head-on.

Moving forward, Bangladesh must continue to invest in education, healthcare, and social services. These investments are crucial for building human capital and fostering long-term economic growth. Additionally, the state must ensure that welfare measures are inclusive, reaching all segments of the population, including the most vulnerable.

The journey towards becoming a welfare state is a dynamic and ongoing process. For Bangladesh, joining the Apostille Convention marks a significant milestone in this journey. By simplifying document authentication processes, the state is not only reducing bureaucratic hurdles but also enhancing the global mobility of its citizens. This step, along with other welfare measures, reflects a broader commitment to improving the well-being of all citizens and building a positive national identity. As Bangladesh continues to navigate the challenges and opportunities of the modern world, its efforts towards becoming a welfare state will play a crucial role in shaping its future.

M A Hossain, political and defense analyst based in Bangladesh. He can be reached at: writetomahossain@gmail.com

   

This article published at :

1. The Country Today, BD : 02 Aug,24

2. Asian Age, BD : 03 Aug,24